Discussion Boards Questions 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Boards Questions 5 - Essay Example It’s also a field where people determine what they want to earn and the benefits they want to enjoy from their employers. With this in mind, I was determined to follow my ambition and resigned from my previous position. Following Jesus implies accepting him as the forgiver of sins and thereafter following his ways by living a righteous life that is in line with his teachings. It is a journey with both joyful and challenging moments that involves life time commitment. A new Christian should seek guidance from spiritual leaders, read the word of God as well as interact with fellow believers for him or her to grow spiritually. Olympics are international sporting events that attract audience across the world. One of the ways that the managers of Olympics emulate to create strong awareness is the use of advertising through social sites. One of the key 2012 London Olympics commercials that motivated me to visit their social media sites was the use of torch relay that was undertaken from May 19 to July 27. By the use of colored images and young athletes, the commercial was a symbol of peace, love and unity that the world should emulate. Having been sponsored by Coca-Cola Company, the Olympics flame was a success in the sense that it attracted large number of audience across many countries in the world. Many people decided to visit London while others viewed the Olympics via their television sets in their homes or in the street of the big cities across UK and other countries. Coca cola is leading worldwide beverage company with wide range of products that can be consumed by people regardless of their age and social status from rural and urban areas. It has brands that compete among themselves. In one of its commercials, Coca-Cola depicts young people playing basketball but once one of their friends appears drinking a Sprite brand, the young people in the basketball field stops to play and run towards the young person who was taking sprite. This is a

Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Essay Example for Free

Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Essay Question 1 Summarise the main development of a child from the age range 0-2 years, 3-5 years and 5-8 years. Development 0-2 years When a baby is born they are helpless. Although from 0-2 years the development of a child is very rapid. A baby will go from not being able to hold up their own head to being able to talk, walk, run and climb the stairs all within this time frame. Through this time frame a baby will be able to support and lift their own head and kicking their legs. They will be able to focus on close objects such as their own fingers and hands. They will start to smile and recognise the face of their main care giver. The baby will be startled by sudden noises, such as banging doors. As they progress they will start to reach out for objects and toys that attract their attention and start to make noises. Their hand to hand and hand-eye coordination develops as they learn to pass objects from one had to another and reach out and grab things for themselves. When the child is older they will use this developed hand to hand and hand to eye coordination to start making marks on paper with crayons. As their muscles develop and get stronger they will start to sit up unaided and pull themselves up to a standing position. The child will start teething and begin to learn to crawl and eventually walk unaided. Their independence will grow as they start to want to feed themselves first  with finger food then using a spoon. They will start to say simple words such as mama/dada and start to recognise their own name, this will eventually develop into the child starting to string simple sentences together and saying other words and understanding them. As the balance improves a child will learn how to kick and throw a ball. 3-5 years In this stage of development a child will build on what he/she already knows, such as walking. This will be steadier and they will be able to walk backwards and climb up and downstairs confidently. The child will be able to draw more recognisable pictures, such as faces, rather than just scribbles. The vocabulary is a wider range as they learn how to say more words and can string together longer sentences. They will start to ask ‘why’ as they grow more curious about the world around them. As the vocabulary grows they will be more capable of describing how they are feeling (happy, sad or angry).They can learn and recite simple nursery rhymes from memory. As an adult you start to see a personality develop as they develop a sense of humour a sense of what they find funny or not so funny. They start to become sociable and enjoying playing with other children . 5-8 years With this stage of development again the child builds on what he/she already knows. Through this stage adult teeth start to grow. The child can start to do things more confidently, such as being able to use scissors to cut out shapes. With guidance a child will start to learn the consequences of their own actions and behaviour whether it is good or bad. Whilst playing games and sports with their peers they will start to become more competitive. The vocabulary has grown enormously to roughly 2000 words which they have learnt through learning to read or picked up from what other people, adults and peers, have said around them. The ability to concentrate on one thing at a time has also increased and they are less easily distracted. For 3-8 year olds physical development is not as fast paced as it is in the first 2 years of life. 3-8 year old development is more cognitive and emotional. Question 2 Analyse key social, economic and environmental factors which may influence development Allergies  Food allergies can be severe as well as fatal, as some allergies, such as nuts, can cause anaphylactic shock. This causes the airways to swell up and cut off the ability to breath. A food allergy that is often over looked is an allergy to E numbers, which is an allergy to artificial colouring and flavouring and sometime emulsifiers that are found in our food. This allergy can cause the child to become hyperactive, violent and in extreme cases physically sick. This can have an effect on a child’s development physically, emotionally and socially. The child may stop eating altogether if, in the extreme cases, they start to associate eating with being sick. This can lead them to stop growing as they are not digesting the nutrients that they need for growth and development. With the hyperactivity comes the inability to focus on any one thing for a set period of time, which will have an effect of what they learn and how well they learn it. Socially the child may be in able to make the friends that he wants as the other child may cautious of the child due to the hyperactivity and possibly the violence. Health Problems There are many health problems that can affect a child’s development. Eczema can cause distraction problems particularly if the child is badly affected by it. Eczema is a drying of the skin which leads it to becoming itchy. If the eczema is not effectively treated then it can lead to the skin being itched to the point where it is broken and bleeding and this in turn can lead to infection. Some cases of eczema are caused by food allergies, fabric powders/ softeners and in some cases we just don’t know why the skin flares up as it does. If the eczema is not treated the child can constantly be itching and uncomfortable and this is at the fore front of their mind rather than the activity at hand. If the child does end up with infected parts of the skin this can lead to poor attendance for school and missing out on the needed education. Environment/Poverty/Social factors such as love and affection The environment a child grows up in can have a detrimental effect on their soc ial skills and building relationships with others. If the child grows up on an environment where there are caring parents/siblings then a child will grow to learn and realise that this is how relationships with others should be, whether it is with a teacher or another child. If there is no love in a family then a child will grow up to think that it is not cared  for by anyone at all, this can follow them on into adult life and effect relationships there too. They may become withdrawn, sad and untrusting. Although a child may look ok on the outside inside is full of turmoil. They may come to believe that what has happened to them is there fault and come to regarding themselves as no good and not deserving of the love and kindness that their peers receive. They may also have little trust in the people around them for fear of being hurt by them as they have been before. Living within a large city may cause problems for a child’s development if there is a high level of unemployment and low income. Something as simple as not having access to public transport, whether it’s a bus, taxi or train, because you can’t afford the fares can affect the child being able to get into school on a regular basis and so miss out on the education that they deserve and need. There is another problem that comes with low income. If you have a low income you may only be able to buy what you can afford which may mean a child does not get a balanced diet. Usually with unemployment and low income comes poorer housing. This can lead to health problems in both child and adult alike. They can be affected by mould spores and living in drafty and cold conditions, this will lead to children who may be constantly ill and so in turn cannot attend school as much as they should. These illness may also have an effect on their physical development as the illnesses may affect the ability for the body to develop as it should. Children need constant stimulation whether it is for the mind or the body. Living in poorer areas may mean that areas to play and run around are lacking, whether it is a park or a garden, without proper stimulation a child’s development can be slower to progress that that of his peers. Loss or Bereavement A child may not process death in the same way that an adult or young person does. They may come to realise that a person is no longer a part of their lives. On the other end of the scale they may suffer anxiety that is focused on yourself as the parent. They may begin to believe that you yourself may not return to them when leaving them at either play group or school. They may become clingy and withdrawn compromising their ability to learn and maintain their friendships with their peers. They may also suffer anger and hostility towards people or may even think that the person who has died has  left them because they didn’t like the child anymore so the child may see it as being their own fault. This can lead to a child growing to be very lonely and not being able to build new or maintain any sort of relationship with anyone. Separation and Divorce A child’s social and emotional development can be affected by the separation or divorce of their parents. They can come to believe that the separation is their own fault. They can experience feelings of guilt, anxiety and sadness. They may as with bereavement become withdrawn and sorrowful or hostile and angry. This factor can also make it difficult for a child to maintain relationships or make new ones. Care givers need to be available for the child should they need them for emotional support. The child may also apportion blame on to someone else within their lives, whether it be the parent that has left the family home or and new partner that the remaining parent has found. During and after this time the child in question may find it difficult to develop new or maintain any social relationships, especially while they have several different emotions going on inside them. They may find it hard to process all these possibly new emotions and find it hard to concentrate on anythi ng else. Learning Difficulties Learning difficulties come in a vast range, anything from Downs Syndrome to Dyslexia. These learning difficulties can slow the learning development of the effected child. Dyslexia sufferers have particular difficulty with reading and writing Just because a child of 4yrs can write their name and read a few words doesn’t mean that a child of the same age with dyslexia can. When we learn to read we learn to sound out the letters that make up the word. Children also have lessons in school that focus on phonics which is to help them identify the sounds in words such as igh, oo, ai. These are called phonemes. A dyslexic child has difficulty in identifying and sounding out these phonemes and so makes the whole learning process slower. This can lead to the child becoming behind in there learning to that of their peers and will need extra help in place to help them not fall so far behind in their learning. Loss of limbs or the use of senses The loss of limbs or senses can be very traumatic both emotionally and  physically. Loss of limbs or senses can happen in a variety of ways such as a road traffic accident, a birth defect or severe infection. Losing a limb or senses can effect a child mentally, emotionally and physically. If the limb or sense is lost through accident a child may become angry and upset, withdrawn or even become depressed. They may feel a sense of hopelessness, worthlessness and have in appropriate guilt that the loss of limb or sense was their own fault somehow. The adjustment for a child losing a limb or senses will be an ongoing process. They may seem to be adjusting and taking everything in their stride but as the cognitive side of development grows then the child will start to understand more fully what has happened and may set them back in the adjustment process, as they begin to realise that the loss of a limb or the senses can an impact on their future lives.

Tmj Closed Lock Syndrome Management Health And Social Care Essay

Tmj Closed Lock Syndrome Management Health And Social Care Essay Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a collective term has been defined as a group of conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscle of mastication and associated structures. These disorders are common, affecting at least 30% of the population.1 TMD can severely affect individuals daily activities and produce varying symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe function disability. Patients with TMD often presents with reduced mandibular function secondary to increased pain levels, reduced ability in chewing, limited mouth opening and during excursive movement of the joint. There are many causes of limited mandibular movement, closed lock is the most common presentation in the clinic. Closed lock is a well recognised condition. An estimated 2% of people with TMD suffer from a closed lock. 2 It has been suggested that condylar translation is limited by the failure of the disc to reduce, with the posterior band being trapped anterior to the condylar head. It was also proposed this condition was a result of reversible restriction in gliding movements of the disc caused by its adherence to the fossa. 3 These group of patients often complaints of jaw-opening difficulties such as pain, restriction and TMJ tightness. Macrotrauma to the structures of the joint through impact or extension injuries, and microtrauma either in the form of clenching or occlusal abnormalities may contributes in the aetiology of internal derangement with closed lock. A various treatment options have been considered to improve the symptoms of closed lock. Non-surgical approaches may consist of anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants, splint therapy, physiotherapy, exercise, moist heat, stress management and soft diet or combination of thereof. In patients whom the symptoms proved refractory to non-invasive therapy, surgical management on the TMJ is generally considered. The aim of this dissertation is to discuss and analyse the published data to support the current management of TMJ closed lock syndrome. Literature Review There are many treatment modalities in management of TMJ closed lock. The two main approaches used are non-surgical and surgical treatment. Treatment efforts are directed toward: Reduction of pain using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Improvement in mouth opening and lateral movement Improvement in joint function. For most TMD, clinicians generally agree that non-surgical and non invasive care should precede surgery. However, for TMJ closed lock, surgery has been described as preferable. 4 Non Surgical Treatment A range of conservative treatments including physiotherapy, occlusal bite splints, NSAIDS, muscle relaxants, stress management and soft diet are available. Minakuchi et al5 conducted a randomized controlled evaluation of non-surgical treatments for closed lock. 232 patients were randomly allocated to one of three group control, self-care plus NSAIDs, or occlusal appliance jaw mobilization plus self-care/NSAIDs. The subjects were observed over 2 months period. All three experimental groups had significant improvement in their signs and symptoms with time. The self-care/ NSAIDs group showed more improvements in the daily activities limitation compared with the other two groups. However, this difference was present only for two review appointment, and during the last review at 8 weeks, there were no significant group difference. These data suggests the gradual improvement in signs and symptoms was non-specific and was not related to the type of treatment, but more to the passage of time. Lundh et al 6 carried out a randomized controlled study on 51 patients. These patients are treated with a flat occlusal splint or to serve as an untreated control group. It is noted that at the end of 12 months period, 16% of patients in control group and 40% of patients treated with splints, the symptoms were worse than at the beginning at the study. In addition, 36% of patients in the control group improved after 1 year without treatment. This study indicates that aggressive treatment modalities should not be used in the initial phase of closed lock. Instead, counselling and adequate pain medication seems to be a reasonable treatment approach. Surgical Treatment Surgery on the temporomandibular joint is generally only considered when non-invasive therapy proved unsuccessful. Closed lock is usually associated with permanent disc displacement, and this condition is frequently resistant to conservative treatment. The primary role of surgery is physical debridement, repair and removal of diseased tissue that cause pain and dysfunction within the TMJ. The primary aim of surgery is to reduce the symptoms of pain and to improve joint function of individuals. The historical perspective on temporomandibular surgery dates back to 1887 when Annadale7 reported two successful operations to reposition and secure the disc in two patients. Condylectomy In 1957 Henry and Baldrige8 described the condylectomy operation. They emphasized the preservation of the disc, and limited bone reduction to increase joint space, and relieve irritation to nerve-bearing tissues. Condylectomy was formerly extensive used, but has many disadvantages 9. It often leads to ramus shortening with resultant of malocclusion and mandibular deviation to the side of the surgery. Ward 10 in a review of 21 patients, who he followed for periods of up to three years, reported a high success rate. Banks and MacKenzie 11 in a much larger series of 211 patients reported 91% of them to be cured or improved by surgery. However, in a follow-up of patients by Lindahl 12, a high prevalence of persistent pain and dysfunction was still evident. Arthroscopy Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy is a new method for the management of acute, subacute, and sometimes chronic limitation of movement of the TMJ. The miniaturised arthroscopy to the TMJ first appeared by Ohnishi 13 in the Japanese literature in 1975. It is used as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. It has been postulated that it improves limited joint movement by lysis and lavage of fibrotic adhesions, and reductions of surface adherence on articulating joint spaces. Sanders et al 14 conducted 40 arthroscopic procedures on 25 patients during the mid 1980s in management of closed lock. All patients showed improvement and eventually asymptomatic after the procedures. They have good range of opening and have little preauricular pain after. Moses et al 15 did a retrospective studies on 237 patient with 419 TMJ joints. 63% of patients reported to have an increase in opening and in these 73% having an interincisal opening of 40mm or greater after 1 year post treatment. 97% of these patients thought their surgery was successful and 82% stated that would undergo the procedure again. The results of this study appear that the arthroscopic procedure has a definite value in the treatment of TMJ internal derangement. White et al 16 undertook a similar study on 66 patients with 100 TMJ joints. The overall postoperative increase in maximal incisor opening was 38.4%. 85.7% of the patients rated their postoperative pain and function greatly and moderately improved and 100% of the patients stated they would have the arthroscopic surgery again. However, a failure rate of 7.5% was noted by the objective criteria. Clark et al 17 also reported decreased in mean pain score value by 57%, also an improvement of 67% jaw function in 18 patients after 2 years postarthroscopic surgical treatment. Davis at al 3 evaluated 51 patients, with 80 joints with closed lock that were treated with arthroscopic surgery. Results showed that an immediate improvement after the treatment and followed by a more gradual improvement during the next 6 months, with a plateau in improvement thereafter. Kurita et al 18 also evaluated the correlation between preoperative mouth opening and surgical outcome after arthroscopic surgery. 12 of the 14 patients (86%) showed good reduction in pain and improved range of jaw movement. However, 2 patients showed no improvement after the treatment and require open surgical procedures. The 2 failed cases had 10 and 19mm opening respectively before the treatment. The author concluded that limitation of mouth opening less than 22mm may be a relative contraindication to arthroscopic treatment. The main disadvantage of this study is that the number of patients in this study is very small. Abd-Ul-Salam et al 19 conducted a retrospective study to investigate the incidence of reoperation after TMJ arthroscopic surgery in 315 consecutive patients (488 patients). He documented a 22% incidence of further surgery arthroscopy or open surgery after TMJ arthroscopic surgery. Arthrocentesis TMJ arthrocentesis was first described by Nitzan et al 20 in 1991 for the treatment of temporomandibular joint pain and movement restriction. Nitzan et al 20 described this technique as irrigation on the upper joint compartment with Ringers solution. The injected fluid enables the disc to slide and thereby re-establishes normal maximal opening in closed lock. The treatment was shown to be effective, providing significant improvement in maximal mouth opening and lateral movement, and decreased in pain level and disturbance in jaw function involved 17 joints in 17 patients. The overall success rate is 91%. Nitzan et al 21 conducted another study in 1997 on 39 patients with 40 joints with severe closed lock. The overall improvement, as expressed in pain and dysfunction levels, was about 95%, with no recurrence of severe closed lock. A prospective study done by Dimitroulis 22 using the same technique on 46 patients with acute limitation of mouth opening, showed significant improved in pain, jaw opening and function. Hosaka et al 23 evaluated the outcome of arthrocentesis for TMJ with closed lock at a 3 years follow-up in 20 patients. The success rate was 70% at 6 months follow-up and increase to 78.9% over the 3 years of follow-up. The literature showed stable good outcome at 3 years follow-up as compared to 6 months. Alpaslan et al 24 conducted a 5 year retrospective to evaluate the long-term outcome of TMJ arthrocentesis on 34 patients with 48 joints. There was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the maximal mouth opening. Pain and dysfunction levels were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than pre-operative values. 26% of patients were pain free and 88% of patients had less pain than before. Eminectomy An alternative surgical approach to the treatment of closed lock of the temporomandibular joint is eminectomy. The surgery involves reduction of the articular eminence of the TMJ, provides greater freedom of movement between the condyle disc and the reduced articular eminence. Stassen et al 25 conducted a pilot study of the use of eminectomy in the treatment of closed lock in 18 patients. Results show significant increase in mouth opening and a decrease in pain. Both the improvement in inter incisal distance and reduction of symptoms were found to be statistically significant (P

Graduation Speech: The Quest for Wisdom :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

There is a distinct difference between knowledge and wisdom. I can tell you that as honor society president I have seen many smart people do stupid things. Let's just say that mixing a very large lunch with a bobbing ship and an admissions officer from the University of California equals a vomitous situation. Today, we are sitting here celebrating the fact that we spent four long years in high school matriculating, which means actually learning to use words like matriculation. But I am going to go out on a limb and say that while we have acquired all of this knowledge, we are still incredibly dumb, and I am not referring to WASL scores, I mean that we have not had the opportunity to apply our knowledge. Just as I was completely unaware of my propensity for sea sickness, many of us have not had the opportunity to grow wiser. The class of 2006 has advanced technology at its fingertips. However, we must remember that the Internet, television, and cell phones really are artificial intelligence, all they do is retain information. It is our job to apply it. Within the past year we have had many unfortunate reminders of the difference between knowledge and wisdom, now we are learning that certain bureaus within the federal government were aware of the possibility of a terrorist attacks, but clearly the appropriate proactive measures were not taken. You see knowledge: merely being aware of information is absolutely useless. Wisdom: knowing what to do with information is invaluable- in this case it meant the difference between discourse and recourse, and the loss of thousands of lives. So while we are accustomed to our artificial intelligence, it is time we become wise. More than ever it is important that we are wise about our rights. After Sept. 11 there was an immediate scramble to tighten security. Random searches of our persons, our vehicles and our homes suddenly become acceptable because of fear. The most common response to these encroachments is as one passive Washington state ferry rider put it: "why should i care? I have nothing to hide." We should care because unwarranted searches are a regression of everything we have built this nation to be. We know what our rights are, but what are we doing to protect them? In an effort to protect the U.S. our first step is to unravel many of the things we stand for.

Homelessness in the usa

Psychology Name College Homelessness in the USA There still exist problem of homelessness in the United States long after the United States Housing Act of 1937 made it clear that the federal government would provide safe, decent and affordable housing. It is not that the government has neglected the poorest people in the country. The United States Quality of Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 reveals that the federal government has little role to play in ensuring that every citizen is housed. This is a show that there are other factors contributing to the growing problem of homelessness.In every American city, one is likely to find homeless families living in abandoned buildings, cars, shelters among other places. This paper looks at two biological factors and two social factors that may be related to becoming or being homeless. History on mental illness is one of the contributing factors to increase in homelessness. A majority of the homeless persons experience mental probl ems as a result of traumatic circumstances that dominate their lives (The United States Conference of Mayors, 2008). The illness takes different forms and mainly affects the functioning of the mind.This makes it difficult for an individual to lead a normal life as it becomes hard to perform daily duties. In addition, relatives or close friends often avoid associating with the mentally ill pushing them to the streets. Depression is one of the most common forms of mental illness affecting homeless individuals. According to the National Institute of Health (201 1), approximately twenty-five per cent of the mentally ill population comes from the homeless population. This is a high figure that is attributed to the stressful situations characterized by the depression.Individuals in such situations have a egative outlook towards life and are constantly struggling to make things work out. A person without a home feels lost and has a general low self-esteem. In addition, such a person has no interest in previous activities that were considered fun and would most likely keep to themselves. The isolation and loneliness often leads to depression for persons living in a homeless community. Moreover, situations that result in depression can result trom actual homelessness or can occur atter the loss ot a home (Marcuse, 1988).Another form of mental illness that has relations with becoming or eing homeless is schizophrenia. However, unlike depression, schizophrenia has biological and genetic components. This means that it does not result from external features like harmful environment or homelessness. The mental condition is devastating as it affects the how one perceives reality. This makes it difficult for one to handle the daily activities. Therefore, it is the condition that makes an individual become homeless. Individuals suffering from schizophrenia display two categories of symptoms.The first category of symptoms is referred to as positive symptoms. They re in form of delusions and hallucinations and cannot be seen on healthy individuals. For instance, hallucinations take the form of smell, sounds, and sights felt only by the affected persons. On the other hand, delusions are consistent false beliefs regardless of whether they are true or not. The second category is that of negative symptoms which are evidently seen in the life of a healthy individual but are not considered schizophrenic. Some of the common symptoms are displeasure in life or activities.It also includes the tendency to stay lonely and avoiding interaction with ther persons. This category also has symptoms relating to cognitive ability whereby an individual is unable to remember information Just received. This includes reduced capability of making informed decisions and solving problems (National Institute of Mental Health, 2011). The symptoms are a cause of distress to individuals who find it difficult to handle even the simplest tasks. This makes it hard for the affected individ uals to build lasting relationships and develop careers.In turn, it becomes difficult to maintain a home consequently leading to homelessness. There are many social factors that may lead to becoming or being homeless. Two of the most prominent social factors are poverty and social abuse. Poverty can be as a result of lack of material resources and the unfavorable market condition for housing. This affects the poor who can barely afford to rent a decent house. Most of the homeless are poor and are not well educated to secure well-paying Jobs. Therefore, they are less skilled and survive on the wages whose returns have been on the decline (Quigley Raphael & Smolensky, 2001).The rising share of income spent on housing osts is unbearable for the majority of the poor. It has become nearly impossible to own or rent a housing unit. This is the reason why most metropolitan areas have continued to experience an increase in homeless families living within the cities. Measures such as availabi lity of shelter beds in certain cities and regulations that criminalize homelessness have not been successful in bringing families and individuals out of the street. Social abuse is another factor that determines if an individual will become homeless.The most common forms of abuse are physical and exual abuse in childhood. The experience is traumatizing and may lead to major problems such as inability to adjust in all stages of life. There is also increased likelihood of experiencing stress, inability to build lasting relationships, and make good decisions. Furthermore, persons coming from an abusive background are likely to have low self-esteem, which worsens their situation as they become prone to health complications such as going into a depression and substance abuse (Richardson and Bacon, 2003).Children are worse affected compared to adults when t comes to physical and sexual abuse. In addition, children who witness constant violence are also likely to develop negative ettects that lead to homelessness. T atmosphere of violence becomes a part of their lifestyle as they become used to the incidences. Such exposure makes them develop less fear to otherwise dangerous experiences. This is what has enabled most of the children who grow in the street to get used to the harsh conditions. They tolerate the violence and later become perpetrators of the same.

Students’ Perception on the Use of Google+

Running Head: Using Google+ 1 IIUM Students’ Perception on the Use of Google+ in Improving Communication Skill Siti Natrah Bt Bactiar (0918444) Kulliyyah of Human Science (Communications) International Islamic University Malaysia Instructor: Mdm Norazah Md. Idrus English for Academic Writing Section 14 6th December 2012 Using Google+ 2 AbstractFor this study, its purpose is to examine whether social networking site such as Google+ can really be used effectively by students in improving their communication skill by employing quantitative research where a sample of 25 respondents consisting of undergraduate IIUM students from the main Gombak campus for survey were used where respondents were given questionnaires which were distributed through email and Facebook.The questionnaires were done in order to answer two research questions in terms of what benefits can students gain from using Google+ as a way to improve communication skills and how can IIUM implement Google+ as a way fo r students to improve their communication skills and results from the study found that majority agreed that Google+ can help improved students’ communication skills and that they are positive that IIUM will implement this method by introducing Google+ as part of learning material, similar with e-learning.Thus, through this study, it can aid researchers who want to study on the usage and impact of social networking sites especially Google+ on the development of academic communication among university students in Malaysia and also for IIUM on ways to expand the learning environment by tackling on new ways that can aid the learning process by integrating education and social networking sites resulting in an interactive and fun way of learning between lecturer and students.Using Google+ 3 IIUM Students’ Perception on the Use of Google+ in Improving Communication Skill After the introduction of Internet in 1960’s (Brown, 2008, p. 30), the world saw a transformation i n how societies interact with each other and with the birth of Facebook in 2006 (pp. 32), it has changed how people in the 21st century would communicate with each other as more and more people are communicating and developing their relationship online.Majority of youths today spend their time communicating with their friends in social networking sites (SNS) as compared to other online communication tools such as emails, discussion forum and chat rooms as it enables the users to gain instant feedback with its realtime message capabilities and a higher respond rates, allowing them to improve their communication between each other (Goddard & Geesin, 2011, p. 51).Even though most youths especially students nowadays are communicating online with their friends and families daily through various channels of communication such as personal computers, laptops, Smart phones, mobile phones and so on, it does not indicate that their communication skills are improving. Instead, many of them show ed a lack of confidence and persuasiveness during class presentation and in public speaking as most shows signs of nervousness and lack of understanding and knowledge about their topic especially when they have to present it in front of their class.Moreover, some of them displayed poor team-player image by not participating actively in group discussion and freeriding other group members in doing their assignment. For this research, the purpose of this study is to examine whether social networking site such as Google+ can really be used effectively by students in improving their communication skill. Thus, two objectives are generated from this, which are to examine how students devote their skills, time and willingness in using their social networking site Using Google+ 4 Google+) in improving their communication skills especially in a team or group based discussion in order to prepare them for the working world and to examine factors affecting their use, which leads to the developme nt of two research questions (RQ): 1. What benefits can students gain from using Google+ as a way to improve communication skills? 2. How can IIUM implement Google+ as a way for students to improve their communication skills? According to Watson, Besmer and Lipford (2012), Google+ is a social networking site, similar to Facebook, MySpace and Twitter with an added feature for group-based sharing facilities (+Circles).Social Networking Sites (SNS) helps users to create an online profile that can be viewed by the public which allows interactive communication between the user and his or her circle of friends. As mentioned by Boyd and Ellison (2007) (as cited in Greenhow & Robelia, 2009): An online social network site (SNS) is a web-based service that allows individuals to (1) construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (p. ). Meanwhile, communication is defined as the means of sending or receiving information, such as telephone lines or computers (Oxford English Dictionary, 2007). However, in mass communication studies, Communication refers to your ability to share beliefs, values, ideas and feelings where it is seen as a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2010, pp. 14, 21).Thus, an effective communication consists of the ability to convey a message that is understood by the audience verbally and non-verbally such Using Google+ 5 as through gestures, facial expressions and postures and that which requires a two-way communication. As more and more youths are connected to their digital devices, their network relationships have also expanded from offline or face to face relationship to online relationship. Thus, many researches have been done to study on the usage and impa ct of social networking sites (SNS) on users’ social development.In addition, with the majority of social networking sites’ (e. g. Facebook ) users are adolescents and young adults who are still in high school and college, studies have found that social networking sites can influence the academic and social development of the students (Naeema, 2011; Ahn, 2011; Golder, Wilkinson, & Huberman, n. d. ). Moreover, Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfeld (2007) and Subrahmanyam and Greenfield (2008) mentioned that†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦emerging adults’ use of the internet is predominately social in nature, typically with people known from offline contexts. , as cited in (Reich, Espinoza, & Subrahmanyam, 2012, p. 364). However, the studies done tend to focus on the usage of Facebook and its implication on the general academic and social development of the users. There was little studies conducted on Google+ (Watson, Besmer, & Lipford, 2012), an emerging social networking site that was in troduced by Google in mid 2011 (Pascopella, 2011) which provides a more comprehensive features that are unique from Facebook such as +Circles that lets the user to share information that can only be known by selected group of friends.With Google+, students can gain considerable benefits as compared to Facebook with its features that can be used for group or team discussions. In addition with the lack of studies on the usage of Google+ by students, little research was done to explore on students usage and willingness in using social networking sites in improving communication skills. Using Google+ 6 MethodParticipants For this study, a sample of 25 respondents for survey were used which composed of undergraduate International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) students from the main Gombak campus who are currently taking courses offered in the Gombak campus such as IRK, HS, KAED, ENGIN, EDU, ICT, AIKOL and ENMS. The 25 respondents were selected from students in EAW class of section 1 4 and those who have answered the questionnaires which was posted through Facebook.Materials Respondents were given questionnaires that were done through Google Drive (see Appendix 1) consisting of 12 questions that are divided into three sections with three compulsory questions on gender, Kuliyyah and level of study of the respondents while Section B consists of questions on having a social network account, frequency in updating their social network profile, user of Google+ and time spent connecting to social network site and Google+ which can help to answer the first objectives while for the third section (Section C) was used to answer the second objective and two research questions, one question using eight-element questionnaire using Likert-like scale was used and three other questions on reason for using Google+ and how IIUM can implement Google+ into their system.Procedures The questionnaire was distributed to the 20 respondents via email by providing them the link to access t he questionnaire from Google Drive while the remaining five respondents were provided with the link to the questionnaire by posting the link on own Facebook profile. The purpose and objective of the research were stated clearly in the questionnaire for Using Google+ 7 respondents’ clarification and the questionnaire only took five minutes for respondents to complete. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics is used in analyzing the data and as the research instrument used in collecting the data was questionnaire, it will involved numbers making it easier for the data to be quantified.In descriptive statistics, frequencies such as percentages and graphs such as bar chart will be used in describing the data as it will focused on the differences such as the highest and lowest amount which will help in examining the frequencies of usage in social networking sites especially Google+. Google Drive provided the service of analyzing the data and describing it through graphs. In addition to Google Drive, Microsoft Excel will also be used. Using Google+ 8 Results The questions from the questionnaire (See Appendix 1) are generated in order to answer two research questions for this study which are 1) What benefits can students gain from using Google+ as a way to improve communication skills? 2) How can IIUM implement Google+ as a way for students to improve their communication skills? nd from the data that have been collected, 15 respondents (60 percent) agree that Google+ can be beneficial to students especially in improving communication skills while only two respondents (8 percent) strongly agree that Google+ can help improve communication skill. On the other hand, there is a balance between the number of respondents who disagree that Google+ can be beneficial to students in improving their communication skills with four respondents (16 percent) expressed disagreement while another four respondents expressed strong disagreement, as illustrated in the figure below: F igure 1 taken from Microsoft Excel Using Google+ 9 Meanwhile, pertaining to the second research question (How can IIUM implement Google+ as a way for students to improve their communication skills? ), the question ‘If yes, how do you think it can be implemented? is used in order to identify how students perceives the method for implementation of Google+ by IIUM with answers provided for them to check (See Appendix) . The answers from the respondents are listed in the figure below:- Figure 2 taken from Microsoft Excel As respondents can tick more than one answer for this question, almost half of the respondents chose ‘introducing Google+ as part of learning material, similar with e-learning’ (48 percent) while ‘introduce more team-based learning or collaborative learning through using Google+’ came a close second with 26 percent. Meanwhile, with a minor difference of 3 percent is the answer ‘making it compulsory for students to open a Google+ acc ount’ (23 percent).In contrast, ‘other’ only constitutes of 3 percent or only checked by one respondent who stated that there is no need to use Google+. Using Google+ 10 Thus, with the findings of the data collected from respondents are illustrated from the figures above, it shows how the findings have answered the two research questions for this study. For the rest of the answers from the respondents, it can be viewed from the summary of the responses (See Appendix 2). Discussion Based on the results from the survey, it can be deduced that a majority of respondents viewed Google+ positively as being beneficial to IIUM students in improving their communication skill, especially in a team or group based discussion.This is also inline with the studies by Naeema (2011) where majority of Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) students that were asked, were willing to use social networking sites for better academic communication and learning with all agreed that social networ king sites such as Facebook and other social networks are great form of communication that enable groups to meet and discuss matters (p. 99, 100). This shows that students in general are open to new way of learning, as evident in IIUM students’ willingness to use social networking sites such as Google+ in improving their communication skills. In addition, regarding on how IIUM can implement Google+ for students use in improving their communication skills, most respondents perceived that IIUM will introduce Google+ as part of learning material, akin to e-learning which can be advantageous to the student. Unlike -learning where communication mainly occur between the instructor or lecturer with their student (owner of the account) only, Google+ can offer a wide communication between the lecturer and the rest of his or her students and also students with their fellow classmates as long as they have a Google+ account. This is also similar to naeema’s (2011, p. 101) viewpoin t where according to her, ‘by integrating social network Using Google+ 11 technologies into the learning environments, students will learn from each other, explore regulations from experiences where students at advanced levels can help beginners’. Similarities between methodology used and the topic of research played a role in the outcome of this research.Both researches used university students who are active users of social networking sites and both employed quantitative research especially survey using questionnaire in gathering their data. In addition, the topic of research are somewhat similar with each other with Naeema doing a study on social networking as a tool for extending academic learning and communication whereas for EAW research, it tackles on IIUM students’ perception on the use of Google+ in improving communication skill. Using Google+ 12 Conclusion In conclusion, Google+ can be used by IIUM students in improving their communication skill as majo rity of respondents agreed that Google+ can help improved their communication skill and their optimism in how IIUM can implement Google+ into their curriculum.In addition, from the data collected, it has also fulfilled the objectives of this study as most of the respondents asked were active users of social networking sites and who mostly used these sites such as Google+ to keep in touch with friends and families and also for academic communication. Through this, the purpose of study which is to examine whether social networking site such as Google+ can really be used effectively by students in improving their communication skill, have been answered. Moreover, through this research, it can aid researchers who want to study on the usage and impact of social networking sites especially Google+ on the development of academic communication among university students in Malaysia as few researches has been done on Google+ and its perceived usefulness in improving communication skills of st udents especially in Malaysia .In addition, it can help IIUM on ways to expand the learning environment by tackling on new ways that can aid the learning process by integrating education and social networking sites and widen their perspectives on social networking sites being not just to establish and strengthen social relationship only but it can also help students in academic development which results in an interactive and fun way of learning between the lecturer and students. As the study was done through using limited number of respondents in terms of sample used and the method for data collection, the study may not have a high reliability and it may not reflect the perceptions and views of all university and college students in Malaysia. Using Google+ 13Thus, due to this limitation, this research can be improved in the future by changing the methods that have been used by this research such as increasing the number of respondents, changing the sample population by choosing stud ents from all universities and colleges in Malaysia or changing the type of research by using qualitative research such as in-depth interview or focus group instead. Thus, by changing the methods used it can lead to a different results of the study. In addition, by changing the purpose and objective of the study it can also direct the researcher to collecting different data and findings, for example, instead of looking at how Google+ can be used for academic development, the researcher can try to study on the impact of Google+ on the academic achievement. Using Google+ 14 References Ahn, J. (2011).The Effects of Social Network Sites on Adolescents' Social and Academic Development: Current Theories and Controversies. Journal of The American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(8), 1435-1445. doi:10. 1002/asi. 21540 Brown, D. (2008). Chapter 2: Historical Perspectives on Communication Technology. In A. E. Grant, & J. H. Meadows (Eds. ), Communication Technology Update an d Fundamentals (11th ed. , pp. 30-31). Oxford: Focal Press. Goddard, A. , & Geesin, B. (2011). Unit four: e-language 2: real-time writing; social networking sites. In A. Goddard, B. Geesin, A. Beard, & A. Goddard (Eds. ), Language and Technology (1st ed. , pp. 51-52).London: Routledge. Golder, S. , Wilkinson, D. , & Huberman, B. (n. d. ). Rhythms of social interaction: messaging within a massive online. Palo Alto: HP Labs. Greenhow, C. , & Robelia, B. (2009). Old Communication, New Literacies: Social Network Sites as Social Learning Resources. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 1130–1161. doi:10. 1111/j. 1083-6101. 2009. 01484. x Naeema, H. J. (2011). Social Networking as a Tool for Extending Academic Learnning and Communication. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(12), 93-102. Oxford English Dictionary. (2007). e-kamus 5. 02 Professional Edition. Alaf Teras. Pascopella, A. (2011, October).Will Google+ Be the Answer for Safe Social Networking? District Administration, p. 1. Using Google+ 15 Reich, S. M. , Espinoza, G. , & Subrahmanyam, K. (2012). Friending, IMing, and Hanging out Face-to-Face: Overlap in Adolescents' Online and Offline Social Networks. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 356-368. doi:10. 1037/a0026980 Samovar, L. A. , Porter, R. E. , & McDaniel, E. R. (2010). Communication Between Cultures (7th ed. ). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Watson, J. , Besmer, A. , & Lipford, H. R. (2012). +Your Circles: Sharing Behavior on Google+. Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), (pp. 1-10). Washington. Using Google+ 16 Appendix 1 Using Google+ 17 Appendix 2

Ernest Hemmingway Essays (2992 words) - Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemmingway Essays (2992 words) - Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemmingway Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was the owner of a prosperous real estate business. His father, Dr. Hemingway, imparted to Ernest the importance of appearances, especially in public. Dr. Hemingway invented surgical forceps for which he would not accept money. He believed that one should not profit from something important for the good of mankind. Ernest's father, a man of high ideals, was very strict and censored the books he allowed his children to read. He forbad Ernest's sister from studying ballet for it was coeducational, and dancing together led to "hell and damnation". Grace Hall Hemingway, Ernest's mother, considered herself pure and proper. She was a dreamer who was upset at anything which disturbed her perception of the world as beautiful. She hated dirty diapers, upset stomachs, and cleaning house; they were not fit for a lady. She taught her children to always act with decorum. She adored the singing of the birds and the smell of flowers. Her children were expected to behave properly and to please her, always. Mrs. Hemingway treated Ernest, when he was a small boy, as if he were a female baby doll and she dressed him accordingly. This arrangement was alright until Ernest got to the age when he wanted to be a "gun-toting Pawnee Bill". He began, at that time, to pull away from his mother, and never forgave her for his humiliation. The town of Oak Park, where Ernest grew up, was very old fashioned and quite religious. The townspeople forbad the word "virgin" from appearing in school books, and the word "breast" was questioned, though it appeared in the Bible. Ernest loved to fish, canoe and explore the woods. When he couldn't get outside, he escaped to his room and read books. He loved to tell stories to his classmates, often insisting that a friend listen to one of his stories. In spite of his mother's desire, he played on the football team at Oak Park High School. As a student, Ernest was a perfectionist about his grammar and studied English with a fervor. He contributed articles to the weekly school newspaper. It seems that the principal did not approve of Ernest's writings and he complained, often, about the content of Ernest's articles. Ernest was clear about his writing; he wanted people to "see and feel" and he wanted to enjoy himself while writing. Ernest loved having fun. If nothing was happening, mischievous Ernest made something happen. He would sometimes use forbidden words just to create a ruckus. Ernest, though wild and crazy, was a warm, caring individual. He loved the sea, mountains and the stars and hated anyone who he saw as a phoney. During World War I, Ernest, rejected from service because of a bad left eye, was an ambulance driver, in Italy, for the Red Cross. Very much like the hero of A Farewell to Arms, Ernest is shot in his knee and recuperates in a hospital, tended by a caring nurse named Agnes. Like Frederick Henry, in the book, he fell in love with the nurse and was given a medal for his heroism. Ernest returned home after the war, rejected by the nurse with whom he fell in love. He would party late into the night and invite, to his house, people his parents disapproved of. Ernest's mother rejected him and he felt that he had to move from home. He moved in with a friend living in Chicago and he wrote articles for The Toronto Star. In Chicago he met and then married Hadley Richardson. She believed that he should spend all his time in writing, and bought him a typewriter for his birthday. They decided that the best place for a writer to live was Paris, where he could devote himself to his writing. He said, at the time, that the most difficult thing to write about was being a man. They could not live on income from his stories and so Ernest, again, wrote for The Toronto Star. Ernest took Hadley to Italy to show her where he had been during the war. He was devastated, everything had changed, everything was

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essays

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essays To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to tale place. The activation energy is the amount of energy needed for molecules to react when they collide. Molecules need to collide in order to react, this is known as the collision theory. When they collide they may not react as a certain amount of energy is required to break bonds, this energy is the activation energy.Enzymes are made of a long amino acid chain, within this some molecules are attracted to each other, so the chain folds in on itself to form a 3D shape.How enzymes are shaped.An area on the surface of the enzyme is known as the active site. This is where reactions take place to form or break down substances. Enzymes are specific which means a particular enzyme only works on one substance known as its substrate. For example, the substrate of amylase is starch and the substrate of lipase is fats. They only have one substrate because the act ive site is formed in a different shape for each enzyme, where only one substance can fit. The lock and key hypothesis states that the enzyme is like a lock which will only have one key.Lock and Key hypothesisThe substrate shown is the only substance that fits the enzyme. An enzyme substrate complex is the compound formed when the substrate is attached to the active site, it is only in this form for a short time while the substrate is being broken down.Enzymes can break own substances, known as catabolism, or can join substances together, known as anabolism. Together they form metabolism which is every chemical reaction in the body.catabolism and anabolism.Enzymes are affected by four factors which are1. Temperature2. pH3. Enzyme concentration4. Substrate concentrationA temperature increase gives ore energy to gives more energy to the substrate and the enzyme so they are more likely to collide and react. The frequency of the collisions with the right activation energy will increase so the rate of reaction will increase. The rate of increase is shown by a mathematical coefficient known as Q10, which states that a ten degree rise in temperture will cause the rate of reaction to approximately double. However at high temperatures enzymes will begin to denature. This means the attractions holding together the shape of the enzyme will begin to break so the active site loses its unique shape and is unable to react with its substrate. The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 37?C, after this they begin to denature. The enzymes in the body have this optimum temperature and the body has adapted to control its temperature so the enzymes are working at there best.Enzymes also have an optimum pH level, where they work best, any changes to this level will cause the enzymes to begin to denature.Pepsin works best in acidic conditions because it is used in the stomach along with stomach acid. Lipase works best in alkali conditions because it works with bile in the intestine s.Increasing the concentration of either the enzyme or the substrate will increase the number in the solution meaning there is more chance of collisions and reactions. There is a limit to the rate of reaction. For example if the enzyme concentration is increased from the same concentration of enzyme and substrate then the rate of reaction will not increase as there are not enough subsrate molecules to react with.HypothesisI predict that a rise in temperature will cause a rise in the rate of reaction until 40?C, after which enzymes will denature so the rate will fall. This will happen because a rise in temperature will mean the are moving faster and are more likely to collide with the catalase on the potato resulting in a greater frequency of collisions. A higher temperature will also mean more hydrogen peroxide molecules will have an energy above the activation energy, so there will be more collisions with the right activation energy. This will result in the rate of reaction increas ing.After 40?C the rate will fall because catalase will denature. His means the attractions between amino acid molecules in the enzyme will break and the enzyme will lose its shape. The active site of the enzyme changes so it can not break down hydrogen peroxide. As the temperature rises further the catalase will denature more quickly and the rate of reaction will fall further.A graph of rate of reaction against temperature may look like this.The rise of rate of reaction is governed by the Q10 coefficient, which states that a 10?C rise will result in an approximate double of the rate of reaction.MethodPreliminary work was undertaken to determine the amount of hydrogen peroxide and potato to use, and what temperature differences to use. The results are as follows;Volume of Hydrogen peroxide (ml)Length of Potato (cm)Temperature (?C)Volume of gas produced in 5 min (ml)112022202140322032401cm potato was too small to handle, and 2cm potato was not fully covered by 2cm3 hydrogen peroxide. So 2cm of potato was used with of hydrogen peroxide. There will not be enough time for all the experiments to be left for five minutes. So they will be left for four minutes, leaving enough time to complete all experiments.Pour 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide into a test tube, place this in a water bath of 20?C to warm up. Use a cork borer to retrieve a strip of potato from a potato, cut this to 2cm using a cutting board and a knife. Pour water into a beaker and place and measuring cylinder, full of water, into it, as shown below. Take care not to allow air into the cylinder. Place the end of a delivery tube into the measuring cylinder as shown below. Place the potato on the side of the test tube and close it with the bung of the delivery tube. Allow the potato to drop into the hydrogen peroxide, which should be the temperature of the water bath, and start a timer.Set up of equipmentAs oxygen is produced in the reaction it will displace the air trapped in the test tube, this will be forc ed through the delivery tube into the measuring cylinder. The air will rise to the top as the measuring cylinder is full of water and its volume can be measured. Take readings of gas produced every 30 seconds for four minutes.Repeat the experiment twice for reliability and verification of results. Conduct similar experiments with water bath temperatures of 10?C, 30?C, 40?C, 50?C, 60?C and 70?C. In each case make sure the temperature of the substrate has reached the temperature of the water bath before adding the potato.Other methods which can be used are counting the number of bubbles produced, this would not be accurate as the bubble sizes are not the same and the volume is not measured. Measuring the mass of the gas lost is a better method as readings on the scale will be accurate, however this would require equipment which is not available.To make the test fair all other factors affecting the rate of reaction must be kept constant. This includes surface area of the potato and the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. The experiment will be kept a fair test by:? Using the same length of potato, to keep the surface area constant,? Using the same volume of hydrogen peroxide,? Washing the test tube out with water and drying it, this will prevent concentration changes in hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same potato, as different potatoes will have different levels of catalase present,? Using the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same cork borer to cut the potato, to keep the surface area constant.The experiment will be safe by:? Always wearing safety goggles, as hydrogen peroxide an damage your eyes,? Not spilling the hydrogen peroxide as it is an irritant, and bleaches,? Taking care when cutting the potato,? Taking care when handling hot water.ResultsThe results obtained are as follows:There was not enough time to conduct two repetitions, however, one repetition was conducted. The rest of the method was followed as planned.1st Set of ResultsGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.100.200.400.100.100.20600.100.100.400.800.200.200.30900.100.200.601.300.300.400.301200.200.500.901.800.400.400.301500.200.501.102.200.400.400.301800.250.601.402.700.400.400.302100.300.701.603.000.600.400.302400.300.801.803.400.600.400.302nd Set of ResultsGas collected with (ml) the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.050.100.200.300.300.25600.050.050.200.600.350.400.25900.200.100.300.900.400.400.251200.100.200.601.300.450.400.251500.150.400.801.800.450.400.251800.200.451.002.200.450.400.252100.200.601.302.700.450.400.252400.300.701.603.000.450.400.25AveragesGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.080.150.300.200.200.23600.080.080.300.700.280.300.28900.100.150.451.100.350.400.281200.150.350.751.550.430.400.281500.180.450.952.000.430.400.281800.230.531.202.450.430.400.282100.250.651.452.850.530.400.282400.300.751.703.200.530.400.28Rate of reactionTemperature (?C)Total gas collected (ml)Rate of Reaction (ml/s)/103100.301.25200.753.13301.707.08403.2013.33500.532.19600.401.67700.281.15AnalysisThe amount of gas produced is proportional to the rate of reaction because if the rate of reaction doubles then twice as many reactions are occurring per second so the amount a gas produced is doubled. The rate of reaction can be found by dividing the gas produced by the time. This has been done in the results.From the graph of temperature against rate of reaction we can see the highest rate of reaction, of 0.013 /s, occurs at 40?C. The rate is slow, 0.00125 /s, at 10?C it then rises with temperature until it reaches its maximum at 40?C. This happens because at low temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has less energy a moves more slowly. It will collide with the catalase less often, meaning the frequency of collisions is low. They are less likely to have the right activation energy so there are less collisions resulting in reactions. This will mean the rate of reaction will be low. At higher temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has enough energy to reach its activation energy and it is also colliding more often, so the rate of reaction will be higher.After 40?C the rate of reaction falls , this is because the catalase begins to denature. When enzymes denature the attractions between amino acids in the enzyme break and the enzyme begins to return to its original shape. The shape of the active site also changes so it cannot break down the hydrogen peroxide.The rise in rate of reaction between 10?C and 40?C complies with the Q10 coefficient, as a 10?C rise causes the rate of reaction to approximately double. This can be shown by dividing the higher rate of reaction by the lower one. For example dividing the rate of reaction at 20?C by the rate of reaction at 10?C should give a figure close to 2.These figures are all close to 2, they will not be exact because Q10 is only an approximate and the results are not perfect .From the table of results showing the average volume of gas produced every 30 seconds we can see that at 50?C the enzymes denature within 2 minutes, as gas is no longer produced. This happens because the enzyme takes time to heat up, while it is still reacting with the substrate. Once it is heated to the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide not all the enzymes are denatured. At 60?C the potato is heated faster and it takes 90 seconds for the enzymes to denature, at 70?C the potato is heated even faster and it takes 30 seconds to denature.The results agree with my hypothesis because I have predicted that the rate of reaction will rise between 10?C and 40?C, and the rate will fall after 40?C. The graph obtained for the results is also similar to the one predicted, and the results seem to follow as predicted.From conducting the experiment and gathering data I can conclude that the rate of reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide rises as the temperature of the mixture rises. Th is happens until 40?C, after which the rate of reaction falls because the catalase begins to denature. When enzyme denature attractions between the amino acids break so the enzymes loses its shape. The active site will no longer have its unique shape and the enzyme will be unable to react with its substrate.This is because only the right active site shape can break down hydrogen peroxide, according to the lock and key hypothesis, which suggests the substrate, like a key, will only have one lock, enzyme, it fits into. The reaction follows Q10 until 40?C, because a 10?C rise will give enough energy to the substrate to increase the number of collisions and give more molecules the right activation energy to react when the collide. This will double the rate of reaction.Two anomalous results occurred during the experiment.1. During the repeat reading of the experiment at 10?C the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that of 120 seconds. This does not affect the analysis as the reading was ignored when taking averages.2. During the 50?C experiment the first time the volume of gas produced stopped increasing between 120 and 180 seconds. Gas was then released, it may have been trapped in the delivery tube. When drawing the best fit line this was taken into account, so it shouldnt affect the analysis.EvaluationThe experiment was conducted successfully, the results obtained indicates a clear pattern which can be used to draw and support a valid conclusion. The experiment could not be conducted as planned because there was not enough time to repeat each experiment twice. However, one repetition was conducted which did make the results more reliable.The results are reliable because the experiment was a fair test. This was done by keeping all variables constant. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was not changed, however, it did vary as it naturally decomposed into water and oxygen. It also decomposed more during the higher temperature experiments because the hydrogen p eroxide had more energy. This was a slight change and could not vary the volume of the gas produced significantly. The same volume oh hydrogen peroxide was used. The surface area of the potato was kept constant by using the same size cork borer and cutting it to the same size.The results are accurate because a narrow measuring cylinder was used, so the volume measured is more accurate. Hot and cold water were mixed to achieve accurate temperatures.An anomalous results occurred during the repeat reading of the 10?C experiment, the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that at 120 seconds. This reading was ignored when taking the average so It does not affect the analysis. It occurred because the measurement was misread, it may have been 0.1 cm3, instead of 0.2 cm3. Another anomalous result occurred during the first taking of the 50?C experiment, gas was released at 210 seconds when the experiment seemed to have stopped. The gas may have been trapped in the delivery tube and should hav e been released earlier in the experiment. This was taken into account when drawing the best fit line on the graph, so does not affect the analysis.The method used was good enough to achieve reliable readings , but it can be improved by measuring the mass of the gas lost, this would be more accurate as digital readings would be taken. Using a smaller frequency and a larger range of temperatures would give more evidence for the conclusion. However would require more time and equipment.Other improvements are, using thinner measuring cylinders, to measure out the hydrogen peroxide and the gas produced. Using a thermocouple thermometer to accurately measure the temperature. The hydrogen peroxide took time to heat up as the test tube is glass and is insulated. Using a better material would save time and would have allowed the plan to be completed. Using electronic equipment to take readings a exactly 30 seconds, would eliminate human error.Further work that would extend the investigation and give more evidence to the conclusion would be, to use different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and lengths of potato, to see how these affect the rate of reaction. Using other substances with catalase, like liver, to see how enzyme concentration affects the rate.

Legal Research on the laws, which impose caps or limits on punitive Paper

Legal on the laws, which impose caps or limits on punitive damages for tort recovery in all the states of USA - Research Paper Example Alabama Alabama Code S. 6-5-410 (a) states that punitive damages can be levied for unfair actions, negligence or omission of any individual or company. Upon proving negligence, the above section allows to claim for punitive damages. S 6-11-20(a) permits for punitive damages in civil cases where it has been demonstrated that â€Å"the defendant wantonly or consciously involved in fraud, malice or fraud.† For proving malice and fraud, there should be a presence of an intentional act. Alabama State proscribes the award of punitive damages in litigation against a master when a case is filed under vicarious liability or against state agencies. Alaska Sec.09.17.020 of Alaska statute permits to claim punitive damages.As per this section , the punitive damages for outrageous , reckless acts will be awarded either of the following, and it should not exceed the greater of ; Three times of compensatory damages levied to the claimant. â€Å"A sum of $ 500,000.† There are separate limits for employees who have been injured by the action of employers. If a claimant is awarded punitive damages, then the court will insist that half of the punitive damages awarded shall have to be paid into general fund of the state. If the punitive damages is covered by an insurance policy , then the insurer will have to pay the punitive damages to the claimant on behalf of the defendant unless if there is any exclusion clause for the coverage of PD.PD. Christopher T.Stidvent , Tort Reform in Alaska : Much Ado about Nothing? , 16 Alaska L.Rev. 61 (1999) (March 30, 2012), http://www.lexis.com 3 Arizona There is no statute setting cap on punitive damages under tort in Arizona. However , there exists case laws on the subject. In Hyatt Regency Phoenix Hotel Co. v Winston & Strawn , it was held that for recovering punitive damages under Arizona’s law , the claimant has to demonstrate that defendant involved in outrageous and aggravated demeanor with an ‘evil mind’. The same view was held in some Arizona cases like Rawlings v Apodaca , Thompson v Better-Bit Aluminums Prod. Co also. In†Gurule v Illinois Mutual Life & Cas. Co.† , it was held that if a defendant acts with the required evil mind , thereby by defrauding , injuring or intentionally mediating with the privileges of others , by disrespecting the risk of poignant harm to them. Bruce C .King and Carol J.Patterson, Ethics, 25 Construction Lawyer Journal. 5, (2005) (March 30, 2012), http://www.lexis.com 4 Arkansas Under ARK CODE ANN  § 16-55-207 as amended in 2010 , a claimant should convince the onus of evidence demanded under  § 16-55-206 by obvious and convincing proof so as to recover punitive damages

Plato's Republic and Hobbes Leviathan and Elizabeth Anderson Essay

Plato's Republic and Hobbes Leviathan and Elizabeth Anderson - Essay Example The four features of responsive education produce leaders who more able to fulfill their obligations, since they acquire qualifications that enable them to be receptive and effective when it comes to the interests of all people from every sector of the society. The leaders do not only acquire academic knowledge, but technical knowledge which makes them salient, emotionally betrothed, and consistently entrenched in order to block biases and unconscious stereotypes. The leaders possess awareness, receptiveness, and practical acquaintance, together with competence for courteous intergroup interaction. Such leaders are able to create rapport across group-divisions, and to connect in first and second person viewpoint, by drawing upon individual knowledge regarding life, but in a disadvantageous position. Furthermore, a responsive education creates leaders who imaginatively project their self into other people shoes, through effective communicative proficiency and rapport, even as they hol d themselves answerable to how others act in response to and makes claims about their own conduct. (Anderson, 618). Through social integration, the leaders are able to draw their authority and normative strength from the moral eminence of their subjects, instead of impersonal value of business as usual. Responsive education offers a motivational path to personal identification and charity, and this makes it more likely for the leaders to identify with the disadvantaged group and be

Product Development of Subaru Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Development of Subaru - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the changing trends have affected Subaru due to changes in demand for cars. The demand for the SUVs increased in the last decade while there was a decrease in the demand for small cars. Such changes in consumer behavior affect the sales performance of the products delivered to the market. The success of any new product is based on the ability to resonate with the customers which are a plus if achieved. The change in the behavior of the customer must be reciprocated with product change or improvement. The company has invested in massive customer demand research with the focus being on the preferences of the customers especially to change in design and performance of the product. The success of the new approach is evident in the success achieved in the utility vehicles developed after the research. In the modern market, the customer is king as such the company must engage research for success to be achieved. The approach of Subaru in resea rch and development has increased product performance.

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America Research Paper

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America - Research Paper Example The media in America can be seen as the supporters of drugs, like alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine. Both print and visual media show the use of drugs abundantly. The excessive portrayal of drugs and violence in the media has a mighty impact on the teenagers, but the media in America do not take the matter seriously. Therefore, one can find various opinions regarding the presentation of the news of drugs in media. The media picture the use of drugs in different ways. It depicts the public on one side and the drug producers on the other side. The portrayal of drugs in movies and videos has created a desensitized attitude to drugs among the teenagers and the youth. The present article makes out a study on the relationship between media and drugs in the American society, emphasizing how the excessive display of drugs in media has desensitized this matter. Media portray the American youth as affected with sex, drugs, crime, and the illicit substances. The involvement of youth and teenagers with drugs and other substances has made the media think that the use of drug among the children is inseparable from the American way of life. So the media are not at all reluctant in presenting such things, instead, they popularize the use of it. The teenagers are the most likely affected ones by the media. The project Media Portrayal of Teenagers and the Effects by Kiera Gilbert, a student of City Charter High School, focuses on the presentation of teenagers by the media with regard to drugs and other substances. The writer says that in America about 4000 teens at grade 6 smoke tobacco for the first time and half of these teens become addicted to smoking. The media play a crucial role in the enhancement of it among the teens, as the presentation of drugs in media is connected with the glamorizing the habit. The writer makes the points clearer by stating that â€Å"cigarette advertising increases teenagers’ risk of smoking by glamorizing smoking and smokers† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The media have played a key role in the increasing alcoholism among the teens in the nation. â€Å"Alcohol drinks are the most common beverages portrayed on TV and 56% of students on grades 5-12 say alcohol advertising encourages them to drink† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The use of drugs remains to be a common phenomenon in America. Lloyd D. Johnson et al in their seminal book Drug Use among American High School Seniors, College Students and young Adults, 1975- 1990 point out the fact that the use of alcohol and cigarette start at the school level. He establishes that the use of illicit drugs is initiated by sixth grade among the students. He asserts that 19% of students in sixth grade use cigarette and 11% use alcohol. With regard to the use of the drugs like marijuana and inhalants, the rate is 2.8% among the students at the grade sixth. When the students reach the 9th grade, the rate is increased to a greater level (Johnston et al., 1991, p. 9). Drugs, sex and violence are closely related to the media that focus these elements. A study was carried out by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman of Iowa University, in which they could analyze the involvement of media and the violence of children. They found out that children and youth who play violent video games are prone to show aggressive behavior towards others. The exposure of

Research Methods Law Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Methods Law Term Paper - Essay Example Moreover, this paper also shows different types of quantitative research and how it is helpful for findings and analysis of relevant data about the criminal justice. Discussion The aspect of criminal justice may entail the requirement of dealing with a few attractive dodgy characters. However, when it comes to conducting a research related to cases which are presented in the courts; two types of methodology are believed to assist to solve such crimes. The first is quantitative figures and statistics marked across graphs, charts, reports and spreadsheets which delivers indisputable confirmation of theories. Qualitative research techniques assist criminalists or investigators to recognize the reasons behind committing crimes and solves through case studies, interviews and profiling (Smith, Liu & Lindquist, 1988). Quantitative research techniques encompass the entire bases of scientific investigation and pairing mathematical perspectives with subjective data. A criminal justice professi onal may apply regression analyses to utilize inductive reasoning, calculate timelines, place people and proofs in context to the concerned circumstance and make non-biased evaluations. Operating computer models, analyzing evidences and implementing systematic as well as personality tools assists the criminalists to understand the suspect well enough to depict their attitudes which helps to portray scenarios of case studies as well as test theories and further assists to solve cases (DiCristina, 1997). Criminalist is an individual who is considered to be quite proficient in collecting and examining physical evidences of crime. Criminalists utilize quantitative techniques to ensure confidences regarding inductive statistics, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and ballistic tests, proof-based comparisons, crime-based neighborhoods and family demographics, previous offenders’ data, crime mappings, meta analyses, computer based structures and evaluations of anthropological data which ar e believed to be associated with forensic tests (Higgins, 2009). Survey Research: In this method, a research technique dependent on survey is utilized in case of criminal justice which concentrates on the use of statistical data. Hypothesis needs to be developed through this type of research which primarily deals about the way a given population is likely to react to different issues in criminology. According to the survey research program of â€Å"Sam Houston State†, it has been found that the primary objective of survey research is to notify the general public as well as public officials with an exact picture of attitude regarding various types of crimes and several ethical as well as legal issues within the organizations associated with criminal justice. There are three methods of survey research for instance personal interview, mail questionnaire and telephone survey. This type of research is considered to be quite essential as it can deliver legislators the various forms of actions which can be undertaken concerning different significant issues which affect the aptitude of bureaucrats’ related to law enforcements for carrying out businesses (Sukamolson, 2012). Time Series Research: This technique is designed for conducting researches on criminal justice and

Anti-Social Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-Social Behavior - Essay Example One major focus that the paper will pay attention to is the manner through which law enforcement officers handle people with various crimes. The orders directly give the officers the manner through which they will treat and a well-outlined procedure. This is important to ensure that the criminals are dealt with in regard to the concept of being innocent unless proven guilty by the law. The manner through which they are handled brings out the effectiveness of the orders as they are stipulated and the paper will be sure to explain this in length.In the composition of the essay, the effectiveness of the orders is going to be reviewed studying the subsequent result of their application. This is for example on the issue of drugs. The reduction of the number of teenagers that fall into the trap of drugs has been seen to reduce over the years. This is due to the elimination of drug dealers in the streets by observation of the orders. There will be the mention of parents’ views on the issue.Another issue that will be discussed in the essay is the types of courts that are granted the mandate to pass the orders. People who commit crimes whether petty or even large crimes have very much fear for the authority or the types of courts that pass the orders. The paper will focus on explaining the courts in full perspective. Some criminals may not commit crimes if the court passing the judgment is a minor court as they are sure to have appeal to a higher court. The types of courts and their authorities will be explained in the essay.

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America Research Paper

Media Portrayal of Drugs and how has it desensitized America - Research Paper Example The media in America can be seen as the supporters of drugs, like alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants, and cocaine. Both print and visual media show the use of drugs abundantly. The excessive portrayal of drugs and violence in the media has a mighty impact on the teenagers, but the media in America do not take the matter seriously. Therefore, one can find various opinions regarding the presentation of the news of drugs in media. The media picture the use of drugs in different ways. It depicts the public on one side and the drug producers on the other side. The portrayal of drugs in movies and videos has created a desensitized attitude to drugs among the teenagers and the youth. The present article makes out a study on the relationship between media and drugs in the American society, emphasizing how the excessive display of drugs in media has desensitized this matter. Media portray the American youth as affected with sex, drugs, crime, and the illicit substances. The involvement of youth and teenagers with drugs and other substances has made the media think that the use of drug among the children is inseparable from the American way of life. So the media are not at all reluctant in presenting such things, instead, they popularize the use of it. The teenagers are the most likely affected ones by the media. The project Media Portrayal of Teenagers and the Effects by Kiera Gilbert, a student of City Charter High School, focuses on the presentation of teenagers by the media with regard to drugs and other substances. The writer says that in America about 4000 teens at grade 6 smoke tobacco for the first time and half of these teens become addicted to smoking. The media play a crucial role in the enhancement of it among the teens, as the presentation of drugs in media is connected with the glamorizing the habit. The writer makes the points clearer by stating that â€Å"cigarette advertising increases teenagers’ risk of smoking by glamorizing smoking and smokers† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The media have played a key role in the increasing alcoholism among the teens in the nation. â€Å"Alcohol drinks are the most common beverages portrayed on TV and 56% of students on grades 5-12 say alcohol advertising encourages them to drink† (Gilbert, 2010, p.6). The use of drugs remains to be a common phenomenon in America. Lloyd D. Johnson et al in their seminal book Drug Use among American High School Seniors, College Students and young Adults, 1975- 1990 point out the fact that the use of alcohol and cigarette start at the school level. He establishes that the use of illicit drugs is initiated by sixth grade among the students. He asserts that 19% of students in sixth grade use cigarette and 11% use alcohol. With regard to the use of the drugs like marijuana and inhalants, the rate is 2.8% among the students at the grade sixth. When the students reach the 9th grade, the rate is increased to a greater level (Johnston et al., 1991, p. 9). Drugs, sex and violence are closely related to the media that focus these elements. A study was carried out by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman of Iowa University, in which they could analyze the involvement of media and the violence of children. They found out that children and youth who play violent video games are prone to show aggressive behavior towards others. The exposure of

Anti-Social Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-Social Behavior - Essay Example One major focus that the paper will pay attention to is the manner through which law enforcement officers handle people with various crimes. The orders directly give the officers the manner through which they will treat and a well-outlined procedure. This is important to ensure that the criminals are dealt with in regard to the concept of being innocent unless proven guilty by the law. The manner through which they are handled brings out the effectiveness of the orders as they are stipulated and the paper will be sure to explain this in length.In the composition of the essay, the effectiveness of the orders is going to be reviewed studying the subsequent result of their application. This is for example on the issue of drugs. The reduction of the number of teenagers that fall into the trap of drugs has been seen to reduce over the years. This is due to the elimination of drug dealers in the streets by observation of the orders. There will be the mention of parents’ views on the issue.Another issue that will be discussed in the essay is the types of courts that are granted the mandate to pass the orders. People who commit crimes whether petty or even large crimes have very much fear for the authority or the types of courts that pass the orders. The paper will focus on explaining the courts in full perspective. Some criminals may not commit crimes if the court passing the judgment is a minor court as they are sure to have appeal to a higher court. The types of courts and their authorities will be explained in the essay.

Mobile Phone Essay Example for Free

Mobile Phone Essay Some people say that the mobile phone has been the best technology since the development of the computer. However, having a mobile has both pros and cons. On the plus side is that the mobile phone has become popular to everybody since it is very convenient. The most advantage of having a mobile phone is you can communicate to your family and your friends no matter what where you are. For instance, you can contact easily to your friends by calling or sending messages everywhere without electricity. It is maybe the main reason why almost all people today choose to own a mobile phone. From the customer’s point of view, it is obvious that mobile phones assist you in business a lot, such as, make schedule of working, surf the internet, and keep in touch with their companies. Moreover, you can relax with mobile phone’s applications, for example, play games, listen to music, or chat with your friends. On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Using a lot mobile phone can harm your brain, particularly teenager and children who are under 16 years old. If you use mobile phones too much, you will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-brain barrier, or ears problems. In addition, when you use mobile phones while you are driving, you will get an accident. It is essential not good for you and others. Moreover, â€Å"radiations emitted from the phone are dead harmful for the eardrum†, has proved by many scientist. In conclusion, the invention of mobile phones has changed our lives, whether in positive or negative ways depending on how we use them. People should not overuse them so that they will not be vulnerable to phone addiction and save money. Also, it plays an important in our life and we cannot deny that it has been helping us greatly.

How Hearing Impairment Can Impact Psychology Essay

How Hearing Impairment Can Impact Psychology Essay For this assignment I aim to focus on the importance of lifespan development theory when appreciating the effects of hearing impairment on an individual. I aim to concentrate on the lifespan development of a child in its infancy stage (0-2 years). Human development or also known as the developmental psychology is the study of systematic emotional changes, psychological changes and social changes that occur throughout an individuals life span. The study analyses the individuals physical development, cognitive development which involves learning, interaction and problem solving and emotional and intellectual development. By evaluating human development it is effortless to understand the changing or arrangement of beliefs, worry, desires and skills that occur at different periods of the life cycle (Mussen et al., 1974). Hearing is now clearly identified as being crucial to early communication, speech and language development and active learning. Children with hearing impairment may therefore lag behind in communication skills, intellectual achievement and social performance. Therefore as a healthcare professional it is valuable to appreciate the different stages of lifespan development when trying to understand the individuals awareness and behaviour. The earlier the hearing impairment is recognized and treated the smaller the severity of the impact on the development of the child (ASHA, 2012). Case scenario In order to respect patient confidentiality I will use the name Ellie for my case scenario. Ellie is a 1 and a half year old girl who attended the appointment for a hearing test with her mum and her four siblings. Ellie is part of a big family of seven and Ellies mother is a very heavy smoker and smoked all through her pregnancy with Ellie. Her mother reports that Ellie is quite an aggressive girl and doesnt attempt to socialise with her siblings and other children her age. In addition, she reports that Ellie doesnt pay attention to her when given requests or instructions. Ellie passed her new-born hearing screening, however after great encouragement from us Audiologist VRA (visual reinforcement audiometry) and tympanometry was performed revealing that Ellie has a moderate flat conductive hearing loss. Due to concerns of Ellies lack of speech and language development and behaviour problems, valuable information about grommets or a hearing aid was supplied to the mother. However, Elli es mother was in disagreement about any of these options. Therefore Ellie was given a follow up appointment to see how she is getting on. I have chosen this case I will be able to truly see how hearing impairment affects the physical, social and cognitive development of an infant. Discussions In order to assess an infants condition immediately after birth it has now become essential to perform a quick test such as an APGAR test devised by Virginia Apgar in 1953 (MedlinePlus, 2009). This assessment is taken place instantly on the new-born to detect how well the heart is beating, their colour, respiratory rate, general response to stimulation and their muscle tone. The new-borns are then given an Apgar score which is rated out of 10, with a score above 7 meaning the new-born is in no danger, and a score of 4-6 meaning the new-born has some difficulty breathing and may have possible long term risks. However with an Apgar score of less than 3 the new-born is said to be in a critical condition and requires immediate special support or treatment (Bee and Boyd, 2007). From the gathered history taken from Ellies mother, Ellie underwent a normal birth with no significant abnormalities occurring therefore Ellie must have been given an Apgar score of above seven. According to Arnold Gesell children develop at different rates, however their patterns of development are all constant (Mussen et al.,1974). The development of an infant can be analysed in three different ways- their physical development, social and cognitive development. Physical development is at its greatest between the ages of 0-2 years and is essential for children providing them with the abilities to seek the world around them. For the first year of a childs life the main apparent physical development is the immense growth changes that occur to the body. By the age of one the body length would have increased over a third of the original length (20 inches) and the weight would have gained approximately triple the original weight (7.5pounds). These physical developmental changes proceeds from the head downwards (Cephalocaudal) to the trunk outwards (Proximodistal) (Fitxgerald et al.,1977). Therefore by having these normative values we can tell if a childs physical development is lacking. Ellie was born as a low birth weight baby possibly as a result of the mother smoking throughout the pregnancy. Low birth weight babies like Ellie generally progress slower through the developmental stages but generally catch up in the first two years (Vasta et al., 1999). However Ellie is now one and a half and has no apparent physical developmental abnormalities. The bones of an infant are much softer than adults bones as a result of higher water content. These bones then harden through the developmental stages of an individual up to adolescence in a process called ossification. A new-born babys skull has the ability to compress without damage during birth as it is separated by spaces named fontanels. By Ellies age the fontanels would have been replete with bone developing into a singular combined skull bone (Bee and Boyd, 2004). In the first few years of an infants life there is an accelerated growth in the human brain with the greatest development occurring in the midbrain. The cerebral cortex and the cerebrum enclose the midbrain and control the construction of language, consciousness, problem solving, thinking and learning. Thus an infants life commences with a set of beneficial natural responses called reflexes. A reflex is an involuntary movement in response to any stimuli. According to the psychologist Jean Piaget the beginning of an i nfants life is all to do with movement and so most of the infants actions are reflexive (Davenport, 1994). Most of these reflexes may be adaptive reflexes or also known as survival reflexes in which assists the infant to swallow, breath, grasp or suck involuntary. Whilst the primitive reflexes are not essential for their survival, it only gives a good suggestion of the status of the infants neurological system. Examples may be of the Babisnki reflex (as the sole of an infants foot is stroked the big toe enhances with the other toes spreading outwards) ; and the Moro reflex (startle reflex extending arms and legs after loud noises). With Ellies case these reflexes have disappeared which is normal for her age and demonstrates that there is no damage to her nervous system (Mussen et al., 1974). Infants are born with surprisingly good set of perceptual skills and so are fully equipped to follow objects that are 12 inches away, distinguish pitch and level of sound and recognize parents faces from others. By one month old the infants posture and large movements should be fully developed. The infants arms would be more active than the legs, the infant will turn head away as you rub its ear, their head will descent loosely unless supported however the neck muscles will start to develop at this stage (Sheridan, 1975). During the VRA testing it is apparent that Ellies small and large motor skills such as handling of small objects, hand-eye coordination, grasping, sitting upright and walking seem to be fully developed. However her language development was lacking which may be due to her hearing loss. Ellies mother raised a slight concern on Ellies ability to talk. During the appointment Ellies speech was very difficult to understand and her sentence structures were as to be expecte d from a child with a hearing loss. Infants with a hearing loss often cannot hear speech sounds and therefore misinterpret and misuse their vocabulary. Developmental problems such as speech and language may also contribute to a reduced academic achievement and social isolation from the children which can be remarkably distressing for the parents (ASHA, 2012). Erik Erikson was the first psychologist to develop the psychosocial model of personality, which is the foremost known model of development and personality. He believed that development is constant throughout ones life. Eriksons model expresses how a childs social experiences influence an individuals value of self and their personality (Mcleod, 2008). Like Erik, John Bowlby (1907-1990) was another theorist concerned with child development which created the attachment theory. Bowlby suggested that an infants personality is influenced by their childhood relationships. According to Bowlby: children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive (Cited from Mcleod, 2007). Children who fail to form this real attachment by around 6 months of age tend to be less sociable, less emotionally mature and more aggressive. Therefore for a positive and healthy development of a child like Ellie it is essential for a strong attac hment between the infant and the primary caregiver (usually the mother). However Ellies positive behaviour and social skills seemed to be lacking. A child similar to Ellie with a significant hearing loss may often feel isolated as they cannot communicate therefore it is vital at this stage for the mother to understand this and meet their childs needs (Shaffer, 1993). From informally assessing Ellie behaviour and her mother it is clear that this initial bonding may be absent between the two. Vygotsky the theorist believed that a childs development associates mostly to mental development, being language, interpretation processes and thought (Cattan and Tilford, 2006). However Jean Piaget (1896-1980) concluded that a childs cognitive development is formed from a distinct series of stages. He believed that a childs cognitive development skills take place due to advancement of the brain and the childs abilities to interact with their surroundings. Piaget characterizes the development of children into four set stages with each stage symbolizing the childs appreciation of the reality and its surroundings at that stage. The first two years of an infants development is regarded to as the sensorimotor stage. During this stage the child learns and experiences the world around them through their senses and movement. The child accomplishes an activity and by repeating this activity they are able to advance on their new knowledge and awareness (Bee and Boyd, 2004). Piaget termed the cognitive structures as schemes (set of activity, anticipations and memories that allow the child to understand their surroundings). Therefore for Ellie to keep up with her cognitive development she must have good coordination between her sensory (hearing) and motor actions (movement). Ellies cognitive development might be underdeveloped as she receives less sensory information due to her hearing loss and therefore has less motor actions. The effect of a hearing loss on the cognitive development of a child like Ellie is rather intricate due to the different ways cultures, families and human kind respond to children whom attempts or fails to talk and communicate due to their hearing loss (Mayberry, 2002). There are also learning theories involved in cognitive development. Ivan Pavlov devised the classically conditioned model, which is described as a learning process that takes place when an unfamiliar stimulus is presented into the system. As the new-born is repeatedly conditioned to the same stimuli (brush cheek before feeding), this stimuli will become a conditioned stimuli in the course of time. Operant conditioning is also classed as a learning process as the new-born learns and interacts through the use of reinforcement such as a toy, smile, attention or food (Bee and Boyd, 2007). During the VRA testing, Ellie was conditioned to move her eyes in the direction of the sound source and rewarded visually by a lighted up toy (BATOD, 2012). After great encouragement Ellie performed a positive VRA test and therefore show no signs of abnormal learning process. Starting at the age of 1 and increasing until the age of 5, repetitive and exploratory play is very common in children. At around Ellies age it is expected of children to be able to push and pull large toys, carry a toy, grasp crayon, enjoy coloured books and perform VRA testing. However in Ellies case and for any child with a hearing loss these normal behaviours might be deficient or absent as hearing and speech are the vital implements to learning process, play and development of social skills (Sheridan, 1975). Hearing is essential to a childs development, yet children with hearing problems continue to be an under identified and undeserved population (Cited from ASHA, 2012). Not only does a childs hearing loss affect the childs development it also affects the parents/primary caregivers involved inflicting feelings of anxiety on their new responsibilities for their child. Therefore it is essential to provide the parents or the primary caregivers the vital information and advice on t heir childs hearing loss for the childs positive development. Ellies mum needed great encouragement on this in order to improve Ellies self-esteem and help her to positively develop (ASHA, 2012). Conclusion Hearing impairment has a great effect on the childs social life, cognitive and learning development. Ellie has proven to have normal physical development; however her cognitive and social development and speech and language capabilities are evidently hindered by her hearing impairment. It is therefore essential to supply the family of the child with any valuable information that will benefit the childs development and stress the importance of early intervention. The earlier the hearing impairment is recognized and intervened the greater the developmental outcome. Without knowing the normative of a childs developmental process it is hard to analyse the exact cause of the childs behaviour. Â  Ellies hearing loss has evidently delayed her revealing and acceptant communication skills (speech and language) leading to her social seclusion and low self-esteem. Â  Her aggressive behaviour and her lack of interest in others can be explained by her lack of auditory input and therefore lack of her ability to effectively communicate. Â  It is important for Ellies mum to appreciate the challenges that Ellie is faced before managing them properly herself. Â  However it is also crucial to support the entire family through Ellies developmental progress and early family concentrated intervention is advised to advance Ellies language and cognitive development (ASHA, 2012). An additional appointment was made for Ellie to see if they have changed their mind regarding to trying a hearing aid, however Ellie will continue to receive advice and care from us Audiologist, a specialised paediatrician and speech and language therapist throughout. Â  From this case study I am able to fully appreciate the effect that a hearing impairment has on the developmental process of a child. Â  However I am also very aware for the future of the importance to support the entire family when attempting to provide the best care for a child similar to Ellie. Why is ellie aggressive and dont socialise..can categorize them into being naughty straight away. Important that ellie gets enough attention she needs to help her develop, but important that this doesnt overurule the development of other kids. Vital to give all info need to parents and stress on the importance of early implementation better outcome. http://www.asha.org/About/news/Press-Releases/2011/Do-You-Understand-The-Effects-Of-Hearing-Loss-On-Your-Child-s-Development.htm http://unitron.com/unitron/global/en/consumer/children-c/supporting.html http://asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/effects.htm http://entcentre.com/FAQs/impact_of_hearing_loss_in_childr.htm http://unitron.com/unitron/global/en/consumer/children-c/supporting.html http://www.asha.org/About/news/Press-Releases/2011/Do-You-Understand-The-Effects-Of-Hearing-Loss-On-Your-Child-s-Development.htm conclusion?